IMG_0163

DOWN SYNDROME AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALZHIEMERS DISEASE

The greatest tragedy associated with Down syndrome is the development of Alzheimer’s pathology by age 40 followed by death by age 60, according to current research.  One hundred percent of adults with Down syndrome will have detectable plaque by age 40 which has progressively been developing since childhood. Not all persons with Down syndrome will present with dementia.  Alzheimer’s disease, even in the non DS population, begins with the formation of neuro fibrillation, with the noticeable effects increasing over time. Dementia does not occur swiftly. In the non DS patient, dementia may be far more noticeable than in a person with Down syndrome due to lack of verbal skills and  existing cognitive disability in the latter population. Further, the life expectancy of persons with DS is only 50 to 60 years and many patients pass away long before actual dementia has been diagnosed.

Numerous differences in the brains of people with Down syndrome have been shown to contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Faulty DNA methylation being among them. In DS, methylation issues are primarily associated with the extra copy of a gene called CBS. Cystathionine beta synthase figures heavily in the methyl/folate cycle and because this gene is over expressed, it interferes with the body’s ability to metabolize folic acid. Folic acid is inactive when injested and must go through a process to be changed into methyltetrahydrofolate, which can then be utilized by the body for proper DNA methylation.

Both cognitive decline and the development of plaque is preventable. In Both Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease the pathology of plaque includes several proteins, including TAU, Amyloid proteins and a toxin, peroxynitrite. The absence of one may be enough to alter the course of this disease.

Each section of research on this site will deal with a separate aspect of Down syndrome.

Most citations used are taken from the NLM data base and are in the public domain.

THE COMPLEXITY OF NEURONS DEGENERATION IN DS

FAULTY DNA METHYLATION AND ALZHEIMERS DISEASE IN DS

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965623/

Rationale for prevention of AD by Targeted Nutritional Intervention – the following issues involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease have been addressed by Targeted Nutritional Intervention specific to their role in cognitive decline in DS

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/0001551213Z.0000000006?journalCode=yacb20

All untreated persons with DS develop Alzheimer’s disease pathology by age 40. A major goal of TNI is  prevention.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25151119 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675226

Metal ions in Ad and DS. Note these may be related to vaccines or environmental exposure. It is possible, through TNI detox to reduce the level of heavy metal ions in the brain. See Article on the Glymphatic system.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066992/

NGF in AD DS. This is corrected by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24962069

Hippocampal cholinergic pathways AD DS. Corrected by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25031177

Oxidation and DS and AZ. Corrected by TNI

http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/prepress/932722.pdf

Lipid peroxidation. Corrected by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4042144/

Metals and AD This responds to detox. See article on the Glymphatic System on site menu

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2073062

Therapy strategy – The rationale of targeting 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842803
Acetylcholine receptors. Targeted by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24865150

NGF targeted by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519975

Mitochondria and ferritin. Targeted by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3925988/

DYRK1a over expression and AD. Targeted by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897685/ 

Polymorphisms in BACE 2. Testing for SNPs can be important in treatment.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969241/

DNA methylation corrected by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3879645/

Diet low glycemic index. Monitoring of glycemic index a part of adult protocol

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291874

APP AD DS this gene is over expressed and targeted by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3729844/

Malabsorption corrected with this protocol

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2138242

Glutathione corrected by TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4079069/

Souvinaid.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24635394

Omega 3 fatty acids. Corrected through TNI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144219

Nutrients and AD
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927706

Nutritional supplements.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985420

Nutritional supplements.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23756280

Vitamin D.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22503994

Vitamin C deficiency in AD.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3727637/

Three week supplements 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878804

Supplements reduced mortality in AD patients.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917745

http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/15/3/223.pdf

Supplements and AD a French Study

http://m.ajcn.nutrition.org/content/93/1/200.long

Safe natural way to prevent cognitive decline.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984445/

Oxidative stress

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923546/

Vitamins.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20191258

Vitamin DOUBLE BLIND.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056706

Folate.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17210813

Antioxidants

http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/10/4/268.pdf

Therapy for DS.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15977315

Green tea and AD.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15350981

Antioxidants.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14732624

Las etc.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12394638

Aluminum

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21568886/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22235057/?i=2&from=/21568886/related

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25428645/?i=6&from=/21568886/related

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23609067/?i=23&from=/21568886/related

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25582758/?i=83&from=/21568886/related

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26948677/?i=111&from=/21568886/related

http://www.cmsri.org/faqs/aluminum/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819810/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617439/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3

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